Anti Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam
February 27, 1999
Chapter 13

UNDERWORLD OF SPIES

We have discussed the role of Qadiani spies in some foreign lands. Qadiani missionaries played a diabolical game in many countries. They got themselves engaged in grim business under the religious cover and immensely helped the British Imperialism flourish abroad. Qadiani Foreign Missions were the invisible arms of the British MI5. There was an intelligence pool in Qadian to field agents in British Colonies with Mirza Mahmud at the head of the mysterious network.

By 1934, the Qadiani espionage system was considerably developed. Earlier, its sphere of influence was limited and only a selected few operated in foreign countries. Zainul Abdin Waliullah (Syria, Palestine), Abdul Rehman and Ghulam Nabi Masri (Egypt), Molvi Abdul Latif and Naimtullah (Afghanistan), Molvi Amin and Zahoor Hussain (Central Asia) were some of the spies who had been sent abroad in collaboration with the British Intelligence under the cover of Ahmadiyya missionaries to operate spy cells overseas. They kept close liaison with the British Embassies/missions, leading Jewish firms, Zionist organization and other clandestine institutions to launch their espionage and sabotage offensives. They received financial help from varied secret agencies for their covert operations.

New Scheme

In the last months of 1934, Mirza Mahmud set forth a 19-points scheme called Tahrik-e-Jadid (New Scheme). Its central object was the expansion of the ‘missionary’ activity. It called upon the Qadianis to take to simple habits in diet and dress, and food and to finance a new permanent fund so that expansion activity of the missionary enterprise could be sustained. Initially the operation of the scheme was limited to three years, but before the expiry of the period it was made permanent. To finance the scheme he appealed to the community to provide Rs.27,500 for the expenses of the first year. The Community made a good response by providing Rs. 107,000. He placed few demands before his followers for stimulating their moral and spiritual qualities. A trust Fund was created and the young men were exhorted to venture out into foreign countries to work there as volunteer Ahmadi missionaries with financial help from Qadian for few months only.1

Under the scheme a network of Foreign Missions was set up in many British colonies and soon its budget ran into millions of rupees. Qadiani missionaries knew the land and language of the country where they had to undertake their missions. They could conduct themselves at various places, deal with people and important persons, keep up with the latest events, infiltrate into social and professional organizations to collect intelligence, commit acts of sabotage and safeguard the Imperialist interests at the risk of their own lives.

Master of Dirty Tricks

It will be interesting to give an extract from a Friday Address of Mirza Mahmud to assess the nature of the Ahmadiyya missions in their true perspective: "Keep aside all those services we rendered for the British in India and take only those our Jama'at have been rendering outside India for the British Government. I have already pointed out that we did not know the reason for the death of Sahibzada Abdul Latif Shaheed. We heard different rumors but had no exact information about it. After a long time, I happened to come across a book in a library which had gone out of print. It was written by an Italian Engineer2 who held a responsible post in Afghanistan. He says that Sahibzada Abdul Latif (Qadiani) was stoned to death in Afghanistan because he preached against Jehad. The Afghan Government was afraid lest his preaching should extinguish the flame of liberty burning in the hearts of Afghans and lead to British domination over them. …This statement coming as it does from such an authentic source conclusively proves that if Sahibzada Abdul Latif had refrained from preaching against Jehad, the Afghan Government would not have felt the necessity of putting him to death…. Thus if our men had not uttered any word relating to Jehad and had not preached Ahmadiyya beliefs, the Afghan Government had no objection from religious point of view (for their way). But they fell victim to their overzealous loyalty for the British Government and were penalized for it. They carried with them that enthusiasm from Qadian. They saw in Qadian that Ahmadiyya Jama'at praised the British rule and called it a just Government and considered it absolutely unlawful to wage Jehad against it due to the absence of certain conditions. They accordingly launched a crusade against Jehad and preached loyalty for the British in their homelands and had to give their lives for it.   A large number of Ahmadis are living in other countries of the world specially in the United States where there are 25-30 Ahmadiyya Centers and hundreds of Ahmadis are living there. Then comes the Dutch Indies i.e. Java and Samatra. There are thousands of Ahmadis in these countries. In the Dutch Indies the Ahmadi converts are mostly those men who had been previously the followers of Bolshevism. They had repented and had been preaching the doctrine of peace and are loved by their Governments.   It is but natural that in all our addresses, sermons, books, periodicals and daily newspapers we keep on repeating out belief that the British are just and loving people. They do not discriminate against religious sects and endeavour to promote peace. Ahmadis living abroad are being influenced by our literature and believe that although they are not under the British rule yet the British are just rulers because their religious center praised them. In this way, thousands of men living either in America, Holland or other parts of world, thought loyal to their Governments, have also been admiring the British.   One time the German agents put all their efforts to create a breach between the American and the British Government but the credit goes to Ahmadis who repudiated false ideas and were not taken in by the Germans for they had been inspired by the pro-British Ahmadiyya literature. Similarly the Dutch Indies, for its geographical proximity with Japan and being an emerging champion of Asian independence considers the British Government a main obstacle in her plans. Whenever any anti British movement arises, the Ahmadis of the Dutch Indies, while preaching loyalty for their Government, persuade others not to condemn the British and praise them for being good and just rulers.

How could people of other Governments and nations show such sympathetic attitude to the British to the extent of justifying their mistakes? They were merely bewitched by the voice they heard from Qadian. It spread over all countries of the world. The Ahmadis parrot-like repeated all that was blurred from Qadian.

  The main thing which I (Mirza Mahmud) regard of great importance and cannot overlook it at any cost is the urge on a large part of Asia for independence. The Asians consider the British their enemy in achieving their goal of freedom. Do not be misled by simple news items describing Turkey a well-wisher of the British nor believe in the statements either that the Afghan Government wants friendly relations with the English or the news that Japan or China have entered into friendship with the British. Don’t be deceived by these press reports. On the basis of my own reports I know that a majority of the educated class whether living in Iran, Arab, Japan or Turkistan is the bitter enemy of the British. They held them responsible for creating hurdles in achieving their goals. The educated class in Japan considers that had there been no Britishers they would have ruled Asians. The people of China say that only due to the intervention of the British many Governments did not come to their side against Japan. You can judge the internal conditions of Afghanistan and the Afghan policy towards the English from the assassination of Sahibzada Abdul Latif. Similar conditions prevail in Iran and Arab lands.   As when it was widely believed that Ahmadis were the agents of the British, the educated class of a country was not prepared to listen to us. They thought, although we preached in the name of religion yet we were the British agents. It was such a widespread belief that when our ‘Mosque’ was built in Germany, a higher official to a Ministry either visited our ‘mosque’ or informed of his participation. No time was lost by the Egyptians and Indians to lodge a complaint with the German Government that Ahmadis were the agents of the British Government and had come to Germany to strengthen their base.3 It was strange that a Minister had participated in a reception organized by them. The German Government took strong exception to it and an explanation from the concerned Minister was called for his participation in the reception of Ahmadiyya Community." 4 What happened during that reception is interesting to state here. The correspondence of a leading daily writes: "Mubarak Ali made a speech in English and in consequence several Egyptians interrupted him frequently, one crying out in a loud voice, Why do you speak the hated English language?" Another shouted: ‘What you are saying is all lies; that is not a ‘mosque’ but an English barracks built with English money.’ This gave rise to a wordy conflict between the adherents of different Muhammadan movements, and finally the police had to interfere and turn out the interrupters." 5 The same correspondent also reports that the Committee of the Egyptian National Party in Berlin addressed a letter to the Pan-Germanic Press stating that the Ahmadiyya movement was composed of a group of English and Indians pursuing a purely British Colonial policy with a view of exercising strong influence on the Islamic world. The Committee adds, ‘Our duty as nationalist and Moslems is to put ourselves on guard against this dangerous movement. Otherwise we shall be dragged into the British hell.' 6

At the end of his lengthy address Mirza Mahmud says:

"It was so widely held that Ahmadiyya community is the British agent and the idea was so deeply rooted in the hearts of people that many top most political leaders confidentially asked me whether that was right and the Ahmadiyya Community secretly worked in collaboration with the British Government. Dr Syed Mahmud, who is presently (1935) the Secretary of the All India National Congress, once came to Qadian. He disclosed when Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru came back from his visit to Europe, the very first thing he uttered was about his experience regarding the Ahmadiyya community. He declared that he had a bitter experience from his European tour. If people of India desired to weaken the British rule in India they must at first weaken the Ahmadiyya community. It means that everybody believes Ahmadiyya Jama'at represented the British interests and are their agents." 7

British Protection

Before discussing the political role of Qadiani missionaries in foreign lands, we explain the policy of British Imperialism towards Qadiani missions as given by Mirza Mahmud in one of his addresses. After comparing the support provided by the British Government with that of other colonial powers, he emphasizes: "Our past fifty-years' experience shows that the British Government is the best of all other Governments for us. Then comes Holland. We preached in Java and Sumatra and found the Dutch cooperating with us to the extent of justice. After these two Governments comes the United States…We are highly indebted to the US because it had allowed our old missionaries to live there. The Dutch Government also owes our gratitude. There are many Ahmadiyya centers in Java and Sumatra. The Dutch Consuls had also visited Qadian to see me. They told me that since a large number of Ahmadis lived in their country, they desired to avail the chance to see their Center. One of the Consults was specially sent by the Dutch Government to collect information about the Center directly.   Except these two Governments, (America and Dutch Indies), other Governments are hostile to our foreign missionaries. After allowing one-month stay they kick out our missionary from their country. Then he goes to the next country. There also he had to leave after 2 or 4 months. He then moves to another country where he is ordered to leave immediately. Do you want the rule of these hostile Governments who kick out Ahmadiyya missionaries from countries thereby closing the door for the propagation of Islam and Ahmadiyyat?" 8 A leading member of Lahore section of Ahmadiyya community disclosed: "In large number of countries Ahmadis are considered spies. The late Khawaja Kamaluddin used to say that in whatever country he had a chance to go he heard people say that Ahmadis were secret agents and spies of the (British) Government. Whether it is true or not the people were right in saying so. Mian (Mirza Mahmud) himself has admitted in his addresses that he had been involved in spying and clandestine activities for the British Government." 9

Singapore

Ghulam Hussain Iyaz was sent to Singapore by Mirza Mahmud 1935 under the Tehrik-e-Jadid scheme.10 He stayed there for few days then he had to flee to Malaya due to the strong opposition of Jamiat-e-Dawah-tul-Islam, Singapore. Maulana Abdul Aleem Siddiqui (father of Maulana Shah Ahmad Noorani) exposed the evil designs of Qadianism.

After the outbreak of War, Japan captured the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore etc. In December, 1941 when the Japanese invaded North Malaya and defeated the British forces there, Cap. Mohan Singh cooperated with the Japanese Forces to organize an Indian Army to fight against the British. After the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 Col. Hunt, on behalf of British Government, handed over 40,000 POWs to Maj. Fujihara, a representative of the Japanese Government, who in turn handed them over to Cap. Mohan Singh. Many Indian soldiers joined the Indian National Army (INA) at the behest of Mohan Singh and Rash Bihari Bose who had already settled in Japan.

What role did the Qadiani missionary play during the critical period of the War when the INA was fighting against the Imperialist forces in the Far East? AlFazl gives its details:

‘In early 1942 when Japanese arrived in Singapore, a propaganda campaign started for the formation of an Indian army with the Japanese help. In May, Mohan Singh formed the INA and the League. Those Indian soldiers who opposed them were shifted to the city to take refuge there. Most of them asked for assistance from Molvi Iyaz. Molvi Sahib managed to hide 20 Indian soldiers at different places. Many soldiers refused to join the INA. They were subjected to torture and their signatures were forcibly obtained. When Molvi Sahib came to know about it he went to their camps to persuade them not to renounce their allegiance to the British. They made a petition that their religion did not permit them to join the INA. The Japs immediately removed those soldiers to concentration camps who opposed them. Ahmadi soldiers were also sent to the camps and were subjected to severe physical torture.’ The official organ of the Ahmadiyya community writes. "On the basis of revelations of the Promised Messiah and the prophetic dreams and inspirations of Hazoor (Mirza Mahmud), God Himself revealed to (Molvi Ayaz) the inception, spread, harmful effects and a miserable end of the (INA). He accordingly launched a bitter campaign against it. The INA soldiers and the Japanese perpetuated cruelties on Molvi Sahib. All the members of Ahmadiyya Community were also terrorized." The paper says: "Once Molvi Ayaz was arrested on the charge of propagating against the INA in a camp. He was tried in a court. Before any judgement could be passed God sealed the fate of Mohan Sing and records of the INA were burnt. The Japanese again sent the soldiers to POW Camps and civilians were removed to different places. Afterwards due to the efforts of Rash Bihari Bose and Subash Chandra Bose, the INA was reorganized and spread its tentacles. Molvi Sahib intensified his opposition campaign. The matter was also discussed in the Japanese Council regarding Molvi Iyaz’s anti-INA activities and his immediate arrest was demanded… Molvi Sahib provided food, clothes and money to Indian POWs, which obviously was an offense in the Japs eyes. He also brought round an active member and an officer of the INA and arrayed anti-INA forces to sabotage it from within. Three hundred soldiers were organized in a camp and 20 in another one, besides 200 civilians. The Ammunition Depot of the INA in Singapore was under their control. In the event of an attack on Singapore the world would have seen what they could have done and how determined they were! Claims Molvi Ayaz in his report." He then adds: "In early 1945, Sirmban was sent to Lasamber to make contacts with the British guerilla troops. One of their representatives also came to see us. He was given full intelligence on the Japanese defense potential and preparations made by pro-British forces. He proposed that in the event of an expected attack on Singapore they should come out under a Communist Flag. His proposal was simply rejected. We strongly emphasized that we would come out only under the British Union Jack. The representative had to concede our request. He was a Chinese national and seemed to have been influenced by the Communist ideas."11 The Japanese took control of Singapore and put ban on all registered political, religious and trade societies. Anjuman-I-Ahmadiyya was not a registered body. It did not come under the ban. However the Qadiani agents went underground to carry out their covert activities.

Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat quotes a POW to describe the hardships Molvi Ayaz faced during the Japanese occupation of Singapore. He was subjected to severe torture for launching a propaganda campaign against Japan. The police got his name written at the top of the Black Sheet in the Government record.12 Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat says that reports on the activities of Molvi Ayaz were sent daily to the concerned authorities and all the time the Japanese Military Police and CID were after him.13

Japan

The other Tahrik-e-Jadid Missionary, Soofi Abdul Qadeer Niaz, left Qadian for Japan in June 1935. He set up a mission there and started his political activities in collaboration with the clandestine Imperialist organizations. Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat says that the Japanese Government had doubts about him since the time he reached Japan. The Japanese police had kept a very strict watch on his activities. He was ultimately arrested on the charge of spying for the British.14 AlFazl Qadian admits: ‘Soofi Abdul Qadeer Niaz Ahmadi Mujahid was arrested by the Government of Japan on the charge of spying but has now been released.’ 15 To assist Soofi Qadeer, Mirza Mahmud sent Abdul Ghafoor Jallundhari, the brother of notorious Allah Ditta Jallundhari, to Japan. He returned to Qadian in July 1938 leaving Abdul Ghafoor to organize the ‘mission.’ The activities of Japan Mission can be noted from a (political) report Abdul Ghafoor sent to Qadian in August 1939: ‘Letters were written to some new friends to introduce Ahmadiyyat. The Japanese language is being studied. Mr. Tomita (some local agent-compiler) came to see me. He worked out a solution to the problem of stopping agitation against the British in Qubey. He also told me that there were one million people who demonstrated'16 (against the British). During the Second War when the Japanese agents were very active in India, the British CID persuaded Mirza Mahmud to place the services of Soofi Niaz and Abdul Ghafoor at their disposal for subversion in Japan. Mirza Mahmud states that a senior CID official asked Soofi Niaz to give certain information on Japan and the details of his activities. That CID official even threatened Soofi to impart all secret information otherwise he would be arrested under Defense of India Rules. Later on Soofi’s name was included in the list of suspects and goonda elements and remained under police surveillance. Some high officials and senior CID officers were managing these affairs. Similarly Molvi Abdul Ghafoor was called to Amritsar by the Police and asked to reveal the nature of his mission in Japan. He was persuaded to go to Japan as a British spy. Mirza Mahmud deplored that if the Governments of Japan, America, Russia, Italy, Spain, Germany etc. would have come to know of it and consider Ahmadiyya missionaries as British spies, they would never allow them to set up missions there and would arrest and expel them.17

Java

There lived many Qadiani spies in Java. Among them, Abdul Sani, Molvi Rehmat Ali, Shah Muhammad and Malik Aziz Ahmad were stated to be involved in underground political activities at the time of War. Molvi Abdul Wahid, was appointed Tehrik-e-Jadid missionary by Mirza Mahmud. In March 1942, Java fell to Japan. Many notorious Qadiani agents were arrested by the Japanese secret police on the charges of subversion and spying.

On 22 February 1946 Abdul Wahid wrote a letter to Mirza Mahmud which gives the political nature of Qadiani mission operating in Indo-China. He says:

"At the time of the Japanese control (in Java), I (Abdul Wahid), Abdul Sani and Muhammad Yahya, the President of Jama'at Garot were arrested on 8 March 1944 on the charge that Ahmadiyya Jama'at was the British spy organization. All of us were arrested at 2.00 a.m. and the Japanese put us in a jail in Bandong. After four days, six office holders of Jama'at Ahmadiyyat Nasik, Malaya, were arrested and lodged in the same jail. After about twelve days, Syed Shah Muhammad Mujahid and Malik Aziz Khan Mujahid were hauled up from Kabosin and put in this jail.

The Japanese Intelligence Ken peitai asked us the following questions in many different ways:

Who is the founder of Ahmadiyya Organization?

What are the aims and objects of Jama'at Ahmadiyya?

What are the Ahmadiyya beliefs?

How the Sadar Anjuman Ahmadiyya (the Central Ahmadiyya Body) functions?

What is bait, the oath of allegiance?

What is meant by subscriptions?

What is the relationship of Indonesian Ahmadiyya Organizations with Qadian?

At last a top official of the Japanese Secret Police announced,

‘the man who built up the superstructure of Ahmadiyyat possessed the world’s best brain. But perhaps you do not know that the secret and invisible hands of the British operated behind the Ahmadiyya movement.’

Although we repeatedly refuted yet he insisted that Sadar Anjuman Ahmadiyya functions under the British influence. After 83 days of arrest we were released from the jail.’18

 Another Qadiani spy Molvi Mohyuddin mysteriously disappeared in Java. It caused a concern in Qadian. Mirza Mahmud threw light on this incident: ‘At first Japan took control of Java and Sumatra. Then an independent Indonesian Government was set up. Afterwards the British tried to plant the Dutch. Now a Republican government has been set up. Our Jama'at underwent many ordeals. When the Japanese were in power they ill-treated Ahmadis. Gradually they became severe to them because people made many complaints against Ahmadis. On receipt of such complaints arrests were made. They were then fully determined to crush Ahmadis but God suddenly destroyed their Government. In Indonesia, the Republican Government was established. During their term and even before the Republicans came to power, people made efforts on individual basis to safeguard their rights and Ahmadiyya Jama'at supported them. The Republican Government generally behaved well with us and its officials meted out good behavior and maintained friendly relations with us. That is why our missionaries are still working in Java although they have to work very slowly. There is, however, no obstruction in their work, as is evident from their letters. Certain top officials and even some ministers used to see our missionaries and get their advice. They also send messages to India through our missionaries. Molvi Mohyuddin, a member of our Jama'at, held a respectable position there and was also respected by the Republican officials. We have come to know from the letter of Molvi Rehmat Ali and the letters from our other friends that some one raided his house at night and then arrested and kidnapped him to some unknown place. It is not yet clear who had arrested him. One month, nay one and a half-month has passed but no information has been received about his whereabouts or the person responsible to arrest him.’ 19 The Japanese Secret Police also arrested a notorious Qadiani spy Muhammad Sadiq. He was charged with spying for the British. It was proved in a trial and he was hanged.20 Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat says that Muhammad Sadiq’s name was written in the Black List of the Japanese Government.21

Indonesia

In August 1945 the Indonesian people announced the creation of a Republic. The Western Imperialist powers hurried in their efforts to strangle the revolution. Since the Netherlands, which at the time barely freed itself from the German Fascist occupation, was still too weak to wage an armed struggle against the Indonesian patriots, the role was subsequently taken over by Britain. Late in September 1945, Anglo-Indian forces landed in Jakarta under the pretext of the necessity to disarm the Japanese troops. Using their traditional treacherous tactics, the Anglo Dutch interventionists first initiated negotiations with the Government of the Republic in order lull the vigilance of the patriots and then deliberately torpedoed the talks and provoked a sanguinary armed conflict. 22

Molvi Muhammad Sadiq, Qadiani missionary Paidang (Sumatra), sent four questions to Mirza Mahmud on 4 January 1946 which concerned the role of Ahmadis during the Indonesian liberation movement against the foreign rulers. In reply to these questions Mirza Mahmud advised Ahmadis to obey the orders of the Indonesian Republic, it had genuinely established itself by the people’s support. The Western countries would, however, help the Dutch and did not allow the Indonesians to establish a free and independent Government. It would however be in the larger interest of Indonesians to come to an agreement with the Dutch’, 23 he remarked.

In India people extended full support to the Indonesian patriots. Mass meetings were held in India in protest against the decision of the British Government to use the Anglo-Indian army in support of the Dutch Imperialists. On 25 October 1946, Indonesia Day was widely observed throughout India. Indian dockers refused to load ships sailing for Indonesia with military cargoes. The RN sailors who ‘mutinied’ in Bombay, demanded the withdrawal of the Anglo-Indian troops from Indonesia. In the middle of 1947 the British troops were forced to withdraw from Indonesia.

Ethiopia

Dr Nazir Ahmad was sent to Abyssinia in August 1935 as the Tehrik missionary. In those days Italy was at war with Abyssina. The Qadiani agent established a political center in the name of an Ahmadiyya Mission and preached Qadiani creed in a traditionally tricky manner. In May 1936 Abyssina fell to Italy and King Hailsalasi fled to Britain. Under the changed circumstances, Dr Nazir fled to the Middle East and reached Palestine where a strong anti-Zionist movement was going on under the leadership of Mufti Amin ul Hussaini. In 1940, he moved to Mecca and after getting involved in numerous political activities escaped to Qadian. During the War, Mirza Mahmud sent him again to Ethiopia and Aden, then in the grip of strong anti-British movement. The Arabs spotted the British agent in a short time and demanded his expulsion. Once Arabs and Somalis raided the mosque to liquidate him. He was however, saved by the CID.

Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat records his report:

‘One day Arabs and Somalis raided the mosque to kill me (Dr. Nazir). The Government knew about it. A CID official came and stood close to me and told in English that he had been ordered to escort him to his place safely because people were standing in and outside the mosque with sticks and knives and had a bad intention about you. I said, I cannot disobey the Government. Let us leave.' 24

Eastern Europe

Qadianis had a special mission to perform in East European countries. With the rise of the Nazi power in Germany and Hitler’s war policy towards Europe, Jews started fleeing to pro-Zionist countries. Qadiani missionaries had been active in Eastern European countries since 1935. In January 1936, Mirza Mahmud sent Ahmad Khan Iyaz to Budapest (Hungary). He succeeded to convert 35 persons to Qadianism.25 He collaborated with the reactionary and disgruntled elements who were responsible to foment civil disturbance in Budapest in collaboration with the British elements.

In February 1937 Mirza Mahmud appointed M.Ibrahim Nasir to take charge of the Hungary mission and ordered Ayaz to move to Poland. He claims that he had made that decision on the request of Mufti-e-Azam Poland, Dr Yaqub Shankiftask, when he called on him during his stay in India.26 Earlier Ibrahim Nasir was designated to take the charge of American mission but the US Government did not allow him entry due to certain undefined reasons. Nasir received British aid in carrying out his ‘missionary’ work in Hungary on a larger scale. He returned to Qadian in November 1938.

When Ayaz started his missionary work in Poland after coming from Hungary in April 1936, he was detected by the Polish secret Police as a secret agent. They kept a close watch on his activities. As soon as his visa expired, he was refused further stay. He tried hard to prolong his stay but the Polish Government refused an extension and ordered him to leave the country immediately. He moved to Czechoslovakia in early 1938. Despite the covert British political support, he did not succeed to set up a mission there. The Warsaw Intelligence (STB) forced him to leave the country as early as possible.

Albania and Yugoslavia

Qadiani agents were also running their missions in Albania and Yugoslavia since April 1936 when Muhammad Din was sent to Albania from Qadian. There was great unrest in the country and a movement was going on against Ahmad Zogo Bey’s Government. In accordance with the political needs of the time, Muhammad Din prepared and disseminated anti-Jehad literature and sang the songs in praise of British Imperialism. The Muslim leaders in Albania were alarmed at his activities. He was suspected a British spy and expelled from Albania. Qadian instructed him to go Belgrade, where another British spy, Sharif Dotsa, had already been serving the Imperialist cause. They set up a center at Kosova, near Albania in July 1937. Kosova was under the administrative control of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavian Intelligence suspected the activities of Qadiani agents and Muhammad Din was ordered to leave the country on 5 June 1938.27 He went to Bulgaria and then to Italy. During the Second War he reached Egypt. He returned to Qadian in March 1941.

Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat records:

‘Molvi Muhammad Din went to Albania on the directive of the Khalifa. The ruler of Albania and its people were like Pathans of our tribal area. When Molvi Sahib preached against the Jehad the people reported to the Police that the newcomer did not believe in Jehad and was preaching against it. One day the police suddenly removed him to an unknown place for interrogation and imposed restrictions on his movements. He was ordered to wait till further orders from their top officials. After a few days, the police deported him to Yugoslavia. He stayed on the border area of Albania and Yugoslavia in accordance with the directives of the center (Qadian) and continued to preach Ahmadiyya creed there. He opened a tea stall in partnership with a local person, which was used as a cover for preaching. The proposal to open a stall was given to him by Sharif Dotsa, the member of Belgrade Municipal Committee, whose younger brother was a lieutenant in the army.’28 The Qadiani historian further adds: ‘The circumstances suddenly changed. The papers of Albanian Police reached Belgrade Police. They raided Molvi Din Muhammad’s place, who at that time was outside his mission place. The suspicions of the police further strengthened. They continued to make raids on the place till he was arrested and ordered to leave Belgrade within 24 hours. Sharif Dotsa and his brother could not help him in these political affairs. Molvi Sahib also advised them to keep themselves aloof. 29 He was deported to Greece from where he went to see Malik Muhammad Sharif, Ahmadiyya missionary in Italy.’ Sharif Dotsa and all of his family members were later killed by the Communist Government of Albania in July 1936. He was called a reactionary and Imperialist agent. His son Behram fought against the Government with the British aid but failed in his mission. Mirza Mahmud paid him tribute for his struggle against the Albanian regime.30

Spain

Muhammad Sharif Gujrati left for Spain in February 1936 under the Tehrik-e-Jadid program. Anarchy prevailed in Spain and the Italian, German and British Imperialist powers had their stakes in the Civil War. General Franco aspired for power. Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat says: ‘When the Civil War took a sharp turn, the British Consul at Madrid summoned him to the Consulate and ordered him to leave for London along with the other British subjects.’ 31He received fresh instructions from Qadian during his stay in London and was instructed to go to Gibraltar. Due to certain restrictions on the movements of foreigners during the War he made his way to Italy, in accordance with the instructions from Qadian. During his short stay in Spain, Sharif Gujrati converted the President of the Madrid Bar Association to Qadianism. He was christened Count Ghulam Ahmad. Qadiani Count was a paid agent of the British Consulate, Madrid. He afterwards fled to Albania to save himself from the persecution of Spanish Police.32 The Spain Mission was closed and after the World War Second, Karam Illahi Zafar was sent to Madrid to open a new mission. Further story will be described later on.

Italy

Sharif Gujrati arrived in Italy in January 1937. He started his work on a smaller scale, as he feared strong opposition from Roman Catholic missionaries. However his political activities continued unabated as is evident from a report which he sent to Qadian. ‘Christian sects use cinema for preaching purposes. I have decided to preach Ahmadiyya beliefs through writings, addresses and film. A film on past religious heads of the world can be made. I have a plan in my mind to compile a book on the principles of filmmaking. The thought came to my mind after reading (Mirza Mahmud’s) Present to Prince of Wales. Its name will be ‘The British Empire Forever’. It will relate to the British Government and explain that under the existing circumstances an international culture and morality can be evolved after following in the footsteps of Ahmadiyyat.’ 33 During the Second War, he was arrested and put in a jail by the Italian police. He was called an agent of the Allies and an enemy of the Axis powers. After the fall of Italy, he contacted an Indian Commander of the Allied Army to secure his release. His wife, Salima Khatoon, who was in jail was also released. He was given a job in the Florence University.

After the War, Mirza Mahmud sent two missionaries viz.: Master Ibrahim Khalil and Molvi Muhammad Osman to Italy to assist Sharif in his work, who was again appointed missionary in charge there. They were instructed to set up a mission in Messiana. The Government of Italy, however, refused them a longer stay and ordered them to leave the city within 24 hours.34 As a result of these measures, the mission had to be closed down in Italy in 1949.

USA

In post-World War I, many Muslims from the Near East went to America and settled in great commercial centers like New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, St.Louis, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Early Qadiani mission was set up in Highland Park, a suburb of Detroit, where there was the largest Muslim settlement of America, between seven to eight thousand of the total Muslim population of above fifty thousands. They were employed in the Ford Motor Company.

The Moslem World reports:

‘Muhammad Karoub, a wealthy real-estate man built the mosque and opened it in Detroit, Michigan, USA in August 1921. This was the only place of worship for Muslims in North America and a symbol of Islam in the Western World. He came to Detroit from Syria as penniless immigrant and by labor in an automobile factory and investments in real-estate acquired sufficient wealth. Unfortunately after a few months it seemed that the mosque had to be closed and to be torn down because of the dissension in the ranks of Muslims and lack of interest on the part of most of them in mosque services. Mr. Karoub proposed to raze the edifice and dispose of the real estate. He spent about $ 55,000 in its construction. Highland Park placed the property on its tax assessment roll, and Mr. Karoub was compelled to pay taxes on the mosque, because the city tax officials held that it was ‘vacant property’ and not use for religious worship. Karoub prepared a plan for the mosque which was completed and dedicated 7 June, 1921 with elaborate ceremonies conducted by Mufti Muhammad Sadiq Qadiani and two Detroit Muslim Sheikhs Khaleel Bizzy and Hassan Karoub, a brother of the builder of the mosque.’ Mirza Mahmud sent Mufti Muhammad Sadiq to America in January 1920. He was detained for sometime by the US Immigration Department for they alleged that he believed in the religion, which professed polygamy. He settled in Chicago.

The Moslem World further states:

‘At his own expense Karoub brought to Detroit Mufti Sadiq who preached Ahmadiyya belief. He emphasized that Hazrat Muhammad (p.b.o.h) is the master prophet and not the last of prophets. The prophet Ahmad of Qadian is the Promised Messiah, Mehdi, and the Holy Reformer of this day, the Mufti taught. He described his mission here as one to invite Christians, Jews and all into the fold of Ahmad. The Ahmadiyya doctrine was resented by the orthodox Muslims and the place of worship fell into disrepute. Mufti took leave of his group of followers and left for Chicago to continue his missionary work. Mr Karoub discussed his plan for tearing down of the mosque with reluctance. He was disappointed, as there was none to worship in it. At last he decided to tear the building down rather than sell it to be used for unworthy purposes, for the building had been dedicated to the worship of God.   ‘If they differ with us to the interpretation of the doctrine of Muhammad (p.b.o.h) that is their affairs and their right . I believe fully in liberty of conscience.’35 remarked Karoub. The ‘mosque’ was then sold to the city of Detroit for a recreation center, when the dissenters declared ‘once a mosque always a mosque’ and carried the matter into the courts. Meantime, in Chicago, a dwelling house was turned into a place of worship by Qadianis and call to prayer was through a phonograph. Converts were made from among the Negroes only. A quarterly magazine, the Muslim Sun Rise, first issued in Detroit and later from Chicago, after a precarious existence ceased to appear.36 Mufti returned to Qadian in 1923. Sufi M.R.Bengali resumed its publication in 1930 after six years of its suspension with some irregularity.37

Middle East

Although the Middle East, especially North Africa, was a major center of the Second World War, the Arab peoples were not directly involved in it. The great powers, who were engaged in a mortal struggle, were not concerned with Arab’s national aspirations for independence except to the very limited extent that they helped or hindered their war efforts. When the war broke out, the Jewish Agency Executive pressed the Mandatory authorities to agree to the formation of Jewish fighting force for service with the British forces under its own national name and flag. The Zionist counted on using this force to achieve its aims relative to the Arabs. The British gave their consent to the formation of Jewish Brigade, but fearing the indignation of the Arabs did not allow it to use its own flag.

In their book, The Secret Roads David and Jon Kimche worte:

"Jewish emissaries had not come to Nazi Germany to save German Jews… They were looking for young men and women who wanted to go to Palestine and were prepared to pioneer, struggle and…fight for it." 38 The Zionist terrorist organizations smuggled in arms and attacked Arab populations. They killed innocent Arabs and established a parallel Government in Palestine.

Many nationalist groups during the Second War hoped Allied defeat and Axis victory. Mufti-e-Azam Palestine was living an exiled life in French-controlled territory of Lebanon. Britain exerted its political pressure for the arrest of the Mufti. France agreed but the Mufti got the news and escaped to Iraq. He arrived in Baghdad in October 1939 as a political refugee. The British had outlawed his Arab Higher Committee, as he was busy mobilizing anti-Zionist and Anti-British forces.

Nuri Saeed, the Prime Minister of Iraq, was steadfastly pro-British. In September 1939 Rashid Ali Gilani and four other army officers called ‘Golden Square’ took control of Nuri’s unpopular and pro-British regime and moved the country towards neutral position in the War. Rashid was Mufti’s fast friend. Britain was hard pressed in the War, yet in November 1940 it exerted pressure for the resignation of Iraqi Premier. The ‘Golden Square’ carried out a coup and restored Rashid Gilani to office. Nuri and the Regent escaped to Transjordan.

When the Rashid Cabinet refused to allow the landing of British troops in Basra, Britain intervened and its forces surrounded Iraq. The Qadian Mission in Iraq wholeheartedly worked for the Allies. Mufti-e-Azam supported Rashid Cabinet and endeavored to gain support from other Arab countries39. In India the Muslims were happy over Rashid’s coup and disliked Nuri for his pro-British policies. Qadiani press had already intensified vilification campaign against the Mufti and Rashid. Mirza Mahmud in a broadcast from the All India Radio strongly condemned the anti-British and subversive coups launched in the Arab countries and stressed the need to stop them for the sake of safeguarding the Holy Places.40 Iraq fell on 21st May 1941. Succeeding Iraqi governments cooperated with the Allies and Iraq became a base for an invasion in Iran.

The British agents and Qadiani henchmen were making hectic efforts to arrest the Mufti in Iraq. Mufti in his Reminiscences discloses that the British spies especially Admance, the British Advisor in Iraqi Ministry of Interior, had left no stone unturned to arrest him. Razil, the commander of the Jewish terrorist movement, Irgun, landed in Iraq to seize him but failed in his attempt.41 Christopher Sykes quotes Dr Yehuda Bauer’s personal recollections:

"In the same month the same veiled authorities (Jewish terrorist organizations) who, to the non-British, were indistinguishable from the British Army, led another Palestine Jewish expedition, recruited this time not from the possibly accepted Haganah but from the decidedly impossible Etzel (The National Military Organization) with the purpose of seizing the Mufti in Baghdad from whence he was helping to direct Rashid Ali’s Rising in favour of the triumphing Rashid Ali’s powers. During 1941, trained Haganah personnel undertook intelligence and clandestine propaganda missions to Syria and Lebanon sometimes under British direction and sometimes under that of Haganah ‘Haifa Office’ in collaboration with the British. The Haifa Office was run by Emanual Wilenski and a former Rama, Prof. Rattner, both of the Haifa technical college. When the British invaded Syria and Lebanon in July 1941, a Haganah platoon acted as scouts and saboteurs in the van of the Army." 42 In 1941, the Mufti went to Iran and then on the invitation of Afghanistan he wanted to say in Kabul. Mufti loved freedom-loving Afghans. He was also an old friend of Faiz Muhammad Khan, the Afghan Foreign Minister.

The British Intelligence sent its agents in Afghanistan to keep a strict watch on his activities. His presence in the hostile Afghanistan and his ability to incite people of tribal areas to revolt posed a grave concern to them. Qadiani hoodlums moved to NWFP and started their operations under the instructions of WaliUllah and Allah Ditta. Qazi Muhammad Yusuf Peshawari, Amir Jama'at Sarhad supervised the Qadiani plans. In British Consulate at Kabul, a notorious Qadiani spy worked under diplomatic cover. His name was Fazal Karim. He plotted to size the Mufti, to hand him over to the British who wanted to put him in a jail during the War.43 The British inspired plan was unearthed. The Mufti left for Italy.

Zafarullah’s Address

During the War, the USA pursued a very cautious policy in the Middle East. In May 1942 American Zionist Organization adopted the Biltmore Program and demanded unrestricted Jewish immigration into Palestine, the conversion of Palestine into a Jewish state and the creation of a Jewish Army.

Sir Zafarullah says that during the Second World War he had a chance to meet Lord Iytton who was the President of Palestine Phosent Company. He made a speech on Palestine issue at Chetham House, London, under the auspices of Royal Institute of International Affairs. He expressed the hope that a mutual agreement could be arrived at between the Zionists and Arabs and also gave its outline. When his speech ended, Zafarullah rose up. By changing the wordings of Jesus Christ’s famous saying concerning the divorce i.e. ‘Those whom God has joined together let no man put asunder’ into: ‘Those whom God has put asunder let no man join’, eliminated any chances of serious discussions on the Palestine issue.44

Activities Intensified in Palestine

Qadiani volunteers collaborated with the Jewish terrorist organizations in Palestine. They distributed literature loaded with pro-British and pro-Allies orientations and propped up their activities with a fresh zeal. Ch.Sharif, Qadiani Missionary in Palestine says in his report:

‘In the month of May, Tabligh day was celebrated in accordance with the direction of the Department of Tabligh, Qadian. The Ahmadiyya groups from Kababir and Haifa were formed as usual and the message of ‘Islam’ was delivered at famous places of Nasara, Jafa, Tel Aviv, Baitul Maqdas, Bait-ul-Leham, Khalil, Haifa, Lasia and Kafarkina. Seven thousand different types of handbills and tracts were distributed... A discussion took place at Mount of Zion on the death of Jesus…Although a (Palestinian) goonda tried to make mischief but he could not succeed…on my return, I stayed at Nabulus… It is a central place where mischief mongers strongly opposed Ahmadiyyat… After my visit the ulema had been threatening to kill Ahmadis. The opposition is still on its full swing.’45 During the second War, Qadianis were held notorious for their political activities in the Middle East. Mirza Mahmud sent Muhammad Sadiq Amritsari to Palestine in September 1937 to assist the Qadiani missionary there. He made frequent trips to Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad and Lebanon. On numerous occasions he faced great difficulty in obtaining visa. He was expelled from Baghdad when he was staying in the Spanish British Air Center with his fellow Ahmadis.46

Sadiq Amiritsari in his Recollections states:

'In September 1938 he made a third to Damascus. After a stay of about three weeks he was ordered by the Foreign ministry Damascus to leave Syria within one week. Ahmadiyya Jama'at Syria tried their best to get a permit for him for Palestine or Lebanon but failed.47 The Embassy of Iraq did not give him a tourist visa either as they suspected him a political agent. However he called on the Iraqi envoy at his residence and got one day tourist visa to go to India.’

During the early period of the Second War, Mirza Mahmud ordered him to go London and from there he was posted in Sierra Leone. Many Lebanese and Syrian Arabs lived in (West Africa). During the War, a Lebanese Muslim political leader, Ustad Moosa Alzabin Zharara, came to Sierra Leone as a refugee. He had been exhorting the Lebanese to wage war against the French Imperialists. He, at the same time, started a campaign against Ahmadiyya Jama'at. The Government of Sierra Leone ordered his expulsion.

To guard Muslims against Ahmadiyya heresy he wrote a long poem in Arabic in which he sharply attacked the Ahmadiyya Jama'at and called Ahmadis ‘the British agents and pro-Jewish elements’. He advised the Muslims to save themselves from the leadership of this Jama'at which worked to achieve its most nefarious ends under the cover of goodness. If, it is said that this Jama'at has not been set up by the Jews then there is absolutely no doubt in it that the pro-Jewish nations are behind it",48 he wrote in his poem.

Zafarullah’s visit

Sir Zafarullah visited Palestine during the closing years of the Second World War. The table turned in favour of the Allies and the Zionist Organizations had been strongly demanding an independent ‘State of Israel.’ On his way, he stopped in Damascus to discuss some political issues with Sheikh Abdul Qadir AlMaghrabi, a notorious Qadiani agent. He met Zionist leaders in Palestine in early October 1945 and had long discussions with Dr. Cohen, the head of Jewish Agency. He stayed in Eden Hotel, Jerusalem. Mohayuddin Hasni, the Qadiani missionary in Syria, brought some Arab leaders to see him in the hotel. Since it was found to be an unsafe place, they moved to Villa Rosemarry Hotel for a free and frank discussion over the Palestine issue. Arab point of view was explained to him by Henry Cattan’,49 a leading Jurist of Palestine.

During his visit he concluded that Jews were fast acquiring lands and that would result in Arab’s eviction from Palestine.50 After his return from Palestine, he delivered a speech on Palestine issue in YMCA Hall, Lahore, on 27 January 1946. The meeting was organized by Ahmadiyya Inter-Collegiate Association and was chaired by Dr. E.D. Lucas, Vice principal, F.C. College, Lahore. Zafarullah, then the Judge, Federal Court of India, dwelt on historical background of the Palestine issue, British promises to the Arab during the First World War, Balfour declaration, Jewish settlements, Zionist opposition to the white paper etc and emphasized that the Jews were determined to establish their state in Palestine. Britain and America had been supporting their cause because the Jews has acquired considerable political influence and financial hold over their economies. Twenty-five members of the British House of Commons were Jews besides two Cabinet ministers and one under-Secretary of State. Even if the settlement of Jews in Palestine was stopped, the Arabs would still face political and economic threats from Jews, he argued.51

Zafarullah did not criticize the British or American policy towards Arabs. Neither he proposed any solution to the intricate problem vis-a-vis Zionist threat. He obviously foresaw a bright future for his community in case the Zionist entity would get itself established in Palestine.

Saudi Arabia

We have discussed the political mission undertaken by Muhammad Din Qadiani in Albania and Belgrade. He was expelled from Belgrade and settled down in Italy with the assistance of Malik Sharif. From there he left for Mecca, rented a house there and started his ‘work’ under the instructions of British Consulate. He did not disclose his identity and succeeded to become an Indian interpreter to King Saud. .52 He passed on many secrets to Qadian.

It may be recalled that Qadianis had since long been involved in a propaganda campaign against the Saudi Government because King Saud did not allow his son (King) Faisal (shaheed) to inaugurate London ‘Mosque.’53 The Saudi Government always kept a close watch on Qadiani activities and checked their clandestine operations. Mirza Mahmud sent Daming Dato, a Qadiani agent of Padang (Sumatra) to Mecca along with Molvi Rhamat Ali Qadiani on a political mission in 1929. They were arrested on the charge of spreading heretic beliefs and working against the integrity of the Kingdom.54 The Saudi government became more vigilant after that incident.

Muhammad Din who was getting closer to the King, was found to be a British spy and was arrested by the Saudi Police. Tarikh-I-Ahmadiyyat says:

‘One day someone informed the police that the Indians and Arabs frequently visited that Molvi (Mohammad Din). He seems to be a British spy. The police immediately arrested him and sent him to jail. After a period of one-week Syed Lal Shah, British Consul at Jeddah secured his release.’55 On his return to Qadian he was sent on another special mission to Durban (South Africa). He was going in a Naval Intelligence Ship, which was destroyed by a German torpedo boat.

Africa

Qadianis reached Africa during the 1st World War to serve their Imperialist master. They preached their creed earlier in East Africa on a limited basis. The British colonialists provided them all support to enable them to establish their foothold in Africa. The Review of Religions, Qadian, published a report of Fazal Din, Qadiani missionary and a vet assistant by profession, who served in Kampala (Uganda) during the days of 1st World War. It says: 'The Ahmadis serving at the War front are doing their level best to convey the message of Ahmad (Qadiani) to Christian Europe. The same is the case in other parts of world. Brother Fazal Din, Vet Assistant writes from Kampala (Uganda) at the Eid-ul-Fitr, congregation there assembled about 4000 Arabs and Sohailis women. I was selected to deliver the sermon. I asked the congregation to send contribution to Qadian and they made a liberal response to my appeal. I am glad to inform you that the Government has been pleased to grant a plot of land for the erection of a mosque with the additional gift of 4000 acres of land for the expenses connected with the mosque. An Imam will have to be appointed after the ‘mosque’ is completed." 56 In 1921, Abdul Rahim Nayar left London for Nigeria and established a mission there. The Cambridge History of India gives the early history of Ahmadiyya mission, which was established in Africa with the British assistance: ‘The Ahmadiyya first appeared on the West African coast during the First World War, when several young men in Lagos and Freetown joined by mail. In 1921, the first Indian missionary arrived. Too unorthodox to gain a footing in the Muslim interior, the Ahmadiyya remain confined principally to southern Nigeria, southern Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone. It strengthened the ranks of those Muslims actively loyal to the British and it contributed to the modernization of Islamic organization in the area. But its members remained small, and its effectiveness was weakened by successive internal schisms. Its chief importance has been its pioneering contribution to Muslim Western education in Africa. It joined the arguments about the nature of the imamate, and the necessity of constitution; it attempted to regularize finance, forbidding for example extravagant celebrations and thus clashing with the ancient heresy of ‘mixing.’ 57 Qadiani missions flourished in British colonies of Africa with the Imperialist support. Brig. Gulzar Ahmad says the Ahmadiyya missions only flourished in those parts of Africa which were under the British colonial rule. 58 J.P.Trinngham in his book ‘Islam in Africa’ tells that Qadiani missions were sponsored by the British. 59

References

  1. Sir Zafarullah, Ahmadiyyat, P.272
  2. F.A.Martin, Under the Absolute Amir, London 1907
  3. Molvi Sadar Din, Ahmadiyya Missionary Lahore, was also called a British agent. The ‘mosque’ built in Berlin was termed as a British enclave built with the British financial aid for their propaganda. (Tarikh-I-Ahmadiyya Vol II Ahmadiyya Anjuman Lahore, P.83) Berlin Mission was of special interest to freemasons. Molvi Sadar Din in his monthly report of Berlin Mission says that a German Freemason’s lodge visited the mosque Light, Lahore, Ist June 1958)
  4. AlFazl Qadian, 6 August, 1935
  5. The Moslem World, January, 1924
  6. Ibid
  7. AlFazl Qadian 6 August, 1935
  8. Farooq, Qadian, 14 October, 1939
  9. Dr Basharat Ahmad, Miratul-Ikhtalaf, Lahore, 1938, P.62
  10. Tarikh Vol Viii, P.201
  11. AlFazl Qadian, 6 February, 1946
  12. Tarikh Vol VIII P.206
  13. Ibid
  14. Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat Vol VII, P.218
  15. AlFazl Qadian, 20 November, 1937
  16. Farooq Qadian, 4 August, 1939
  17. Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat Vol IX, P. 271
  18. AlFazl Qadian, 22 March, 1946
  19. AlFazl Qadian, 13 November, 1946
  20. AlFazl Qadian 24 January, 1946
  21. Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat Vol V, P.519
  22. D.Yefinove, World War Two and Asia’s Struggle for Independence, New Delhi, 1975
  23. AlFazl Qadian, 25 February, 1946
  24. Tarikh-e-Ahmadiyyat Vol VIII, P.264
  25. Tarikh Vol VIII P. 292
  26. Ibid P.293
  27. Tarikh Vol VIII P.310
  28. Tarikh Vol VIII, P.311
  29. Tarikh Vol VIII, P.317
  30. AlFazl Qadian, 12 July, 1946
  31. Tarikh Vol VIII P. 293
  32. Tarikh Vol VIII P. 293
  33. Tarikh Vol VIII P.299
  34. Ibid
  35. The Moslem World, January 1923
  36. The Moslem World, October 1926
  37. See Charles S. Braden, Islam in America, International Review of Missions, New York, 1959 PP.309-317
  38. Y.Inanov, Cautious Zionism, P.80
  39. Christopher Sykes, Cross Roads to Israel, P.229
  40. Tarikh Vol IX P.227
  41. Siyara Digest Lahore, November 1974
  42. Sykes, Op. Cit. P.229
  43. Syara Digest Lahore, November, 1974 There always existed a Qadiani agent in the British Consulate at Kabul. Malik Muzzaffar Ahmad worked in the Consulate in mid 30s.(for his like sketch see Qazi Yousaf Peshawari, Tarikh-I-Ahmadiyya Sarhad, 1959, P.203
  44. Zafarullah, Tahdith, P.470
  45. Tarikh Vol IX, P. 392
  46. Muhammad Sadiq Amritsari, Rooh Parwar Yadain, lahore, 1981, P.185
  47. Ibid
  48. Muhammad Sadiq Amritsari, Rooh Parwar Yadain, lahore, 1981, P.185
  49. Henrry Cattan was a professor at Law School of Jerusalem. He was written many books on Palestine question. His book Jerusalem, London, 1981 is a very interesting study.
  50. Sir Zafarullah, Tahdith-I-Naimat,P.489
  51. AlFazl Qadian, 31 January, 1946
  52. Tarikh Vol Vill P.313
  53. AlFazl Qadian 23 March, 1935
  54. AlFazl Qadian, 16 December, 1937
  55. Tarikh Vol Vill, P.313
  56. The Moslem World, September, 1916
  57. The Cambridge History of Islam Vol 2 Edit by P.M.Holt, A.N.K.S.Lambton and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge University Press London, 1970, P.400
  58. Brig. Gulzar Ahmad, Tazkira-e-Africa, P.28
  59. Urdu Digest Lahore, July, 1974